Start off your new year right.- Phil Collins December 21, 2017 SpongeBob, in all his dumb, yellow glory, would have cared.If you play 'In The Air Tonight’ by Phil Collins on December 31st at 11:56:40 the drum break will play right as the clock strikes midnight. Whatever that thing is you’re telling your friend, or your brother, or a random stranger on the internet that nobody cares about … you’re wrong. It was, quite literally, about caring! SpongeBob would have been so disappointed in us for using his image this way. About encouraging other people to join in on the fun, to use their imaginations to temporarily abandon the soul-crushing boredom of suburban life and escape to better places. “Idiot Box” was an episode about having fun with your friends. The saddest thing about the evolution of the “Imagination” meme into the “Nobody cares” meme is that it goes against everything its source material was all about. Here’s a musical version of the meme - the original track is from a 2011 video from YouTuber Octopimp - featuring the phrase “Nobody cares” sung repeatedly to the tune of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony. What could possibly hurt more than basically being told to screw yourself via a classical music–inspired riff on a meme derived from a Nickelodeon show I ask you? Nothing. ![]() “ Procrastination.” “ Russia Collusion.” “ When you’re high AF and start seeing shit.” “ Cocaine.” “ Schadenfreude.” The options are endless. It works great with the literal caption, “Imagination,” but also works just as well if you slap, well, truly anything on top of it. Anything you put on top of a picture of a sponge wearing a tie and holding a rainbow is funny. IMAGINATION." #PokemonUltraSunMoon #spongebob #reference /96Iks4sp1g- Sτατ November 4, 2017Īs for the origin of “Imagination” as meme, the real growth came via Meme Generator and its ilk - the plethora of sites that lets users create classic Impact-font memes popular back in the old days. The plot mostly doesn’t matter - the bit that sticks, as far as memes go, is that singular image of a wide-eyed SpongeBob holding a rainbow in his hands. What he believes to be the sounds of a race car that he dreamed up in his head are actually the noises of a garbage truck picking up the box from the curb to bring it to the dump (with Squidward still inside). When Squidward attempts to re-create said fun for himself inside the box, he fails. The rest of the episode involves Squidward getting angrier and angrier at SpongeBob and Patrick for all of the imaginary fun they have inside the box. On that last word, SpongeBob brings his hands together, raises them over his head and arcs them out as a rainbow appears following the path of his hands. Why throw out a perfectly good television? “We don’t need television, as long as we have our … imagination,” SpongeBob tells Squidward. SpongeBob’s neighbor, Squidward, is baffled by the move. When it arrives, the pair throws out the device and keep only the box it came in. ![]() In this episode from season three, SpongeBob and his best friend Patrick Star have ordered a new television. SquarePants repeatedly ripping his pants as a joke until he annoys all of his friends and has to win them back by performing a Beach Boys–inspired number to a crowd of roaring fans). Nowhere in the show are you asked to suspend your disbelief more than in “Idiot Box” (not even the episode devoted to Mr. Pineapples don’t grow in the ocean! You just have to go with it. In other words, it’s a show that asks you, the viewer, to lean heavily on your imagination. ![]() “Who lives in a pineapple under the sea,” a pirate asks a chorus of kids who reply, in unison, “SpongeBob SquarePants.” “Absorbent and yellow and porous is he.” (Just imagine the kids shouting after every one of these.) “Who’s nautical nonsense be something you wish.” “Then drop on the deck and flop like a fish.” Translated out of pirate speak, the show is about an anthropomorphic cartoon sponge, who built his home inside a piece of fruit, and the undersea antics he gets into with his pals. In case you’ve been living under a rock and don’t already know, you can learn pretty much everything you need to about the premise of SpongeBob SquarePants by listening to the theme song. ![]() This week, we’re examining some of our favorites. Beloved Nickelodeon cartoon series SpongeBob SquarePants might be the internet’s most fertile soil for memes.
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![]() You can turn off auto-renew by going to your account settings after purchase and must be turned off at least 24 hours before the end of the current period to avoid being billed again. Note: Subscription will be charged to your iTunes account and will auto-renew each year. You can organize events by week view, create projects and recurring tasks, export schedule and ads-free. Full records searching including events, tasks and notes Supports both landscape and portrait modes Day, Week, Month and Tasks modules for better management Manage notes in day, week and month view Sketch directly in notes (for iOS 13 or above) Supports tasks and projects with sub-tasks Also, if you have any other great ideas or suggestions to make this app better please contact us with an email, which will be very appreciate. You’ll find the best way to meet your requirements in our app. Planner Pro provides kinds of settings for different requirements from kinds of people. We combine events, tasks and notes in one place so that you do not need to spend extra money for other apps. Planner Pro, which costs years for designing and coding is now coming out for everybody. And while you need to create an account to use Planner Pro, your data will be synced in the cloud so it's less work for you if you rely on multiple iOS devices.ĭesigned for those people who’re looking for a full-featured app to manage daily life better. But if they bother you, there is a yearly subscription that you can purchase so that there are no more ads to bother you. While you can use Planner Pro for free, it does have the occasional ad every now and then, though they are not all that intrusive. On top of that, you can quickly jot down any necessary notes that you need, as well as tasks that have to be completed at a certain point. No matter how busy your schedule becomes, this app lays it all out for you. Planner Pro features a full on calendar that lets you browse your schedule by month, week, or even by a daily agenda. But of course, staying organized and on top of things can be overwhelming, but fortunately, Planner Pro is a free app that helps you take care of it all. Evernote - Notes Organizer Daily Planner2.5.When life gets busy, you have a ton of meetings, events, tasks, and small notes that you have to keep track of.Evernote - Notes Organizer Daily Planner8.6.1.Evernote - Notes Organizer Daily Planner8.13.3.Evernote - Notes Organizer Daily Planner10.4.Hopefully these features will be addressed in future releases.Īs it stands, Evernote does offer a fast and easy way of taking notes on your phone, then accessing them elsewhere. It doesn't save data locally, only to SD card you always need to be connected and signed in to use it, and sometimes Evernote is very slow, taking an age to load notes. The Evernote Android app lets you browse notes by tag, or you can use the powerful search tool, which not only browses text notes, but can even search text that's contained within images.Īs useful as it is, the Evernote Android app is far from perfect at the moment. Buttons on the home screen allow you to capture images and attach them on the fly, upload files, write text notes, and add audio notes.Īny note you add in Evernote can be tagged with your own custom tags, making it easier to access in future. The user interface of the app is clean and functional, making it easy for you to add and retrieve notes. Everything about Evernote is based around simplicity. I just finished building a deionizing filter that should be pretty similar to the CRSpotless systems in general design and function but for far less money than buying it from them. I stumbled upon your discussion and created an account to chime in. The filter housings, refillable cartridges and resin are all available from quite a few different online suppliers. Some of the fittings and adapters can be found online and many are available in your local hardware store. I built in the same sort of in-line Total Dissolved Solids (TDM) meter to monitor output quality and resin depletion. I even found a source with amazing prices on the same ResinTech MBD-10 mixed bed resin CRSpotless and others seem to use. If the system works as expected, I will happily post my design and the sources from which I ordered the various parts and materials. I am waiting for a couple of minor parts one of the vendors left out of the shipment (some screws and a mounting bracket), but the functional pieces should all be assembled later today and I am hoping to test the system this weekend (supposed to rain tonight and tomorrow here in AZ). I decided to tinker with my own just for fun. They use readily available components anyone can order and building it yourself is generally less expensive, but there certainly is a convenience in buying a commercial product. Their systems are nothing really proprietary, but they do look to be pretty well designed and built so I am not disparaging them. I just finished building a deionizing filter that should be pretty similar to the CRSpotless systems in general design and function but for far less money than buying it from them. ![]() ![]() If you make links to images and other kinds of files, you must make sure those files will be uploaded onto your site along with your pages. This leads to a rather important digression having to do with site organization. Is to detect any local file type whatever in the same way, launch an appropriate file dialog, and compute the relative path to a selected file. As you gain Web page design experience, you will appreciate the significance of always using relative paths to local files, and of having the image size tags correctly computed for new images. In this case, if you press the right mouse button, the wizard will launch a file selection dialog with a graphic preview pane, and if you choose a new image file, the wizard will insert the new file name, create an appropriate relative path to the file, and finally it will change the image size tags to reflect the new image size. Is to detect a graphic filename in an image tag: Using this dialog, you can choose a new color and press "OK," or press "Cancel" to leave the color as it is. In Arachnophilia, if the cursor is placed as shown, you can simply press the right mouse button, and a color selector dialog will appear: and you want to either preview the color or change it. You are looking at this tag (notice the position of the " Find out what the actual color is for the code, and.For example, you are looking at an HTML color code, and you want to: When you are editing an HTML document, you find yourself doing the same things over and over again, and it occurs to you that these actions should be the easiest to activate. The right-click wizard is a nice, but invisible, feature of Arachnophilia. Photos provided by the North Korean government on Tuesday showed Kim meeting with Ambassador Li Jinjun at the hospital and at the Chinese Embassy.Ĭhina's Foreign Ministry said a medical team and diplomats were sent to help. China's official Xinhua News Agency said late Monday that the tourist bus fell from a bridge in North Hwanghae province in southern North Korea. The crash Sunday evening killed 32 Chinese and four North Koreans, and two Chinese were seriously injured. (Associated Press)īEIJING (AP) - North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has met with China's ambassador and visited a hospital where Chinese tourists were being treated after a deadly bus crash. A traffic accident in southern North Korea has killed dozens. In this Sunday, Apimage taken from video footage by China's CCTV via AP Video, an injured passenger receives medical treatment at a hospital following a bus accident in North Hwanghae province, south of Pyongyang, North Korea. Feats and Prestige Classes being most likely."In this Sunday, Apimage taken from video footage by China's CCTV via AP Video, an injured passenger receives medical treatment at a hospital following a bus accident in North Hwanghae province. This has been mostly visible in traits, but I imagine it would apply to other Golarion-specific elements with Requirements. GMs are encouraged to consider the same in their own games when re-using the content." What I would propose you consider is a note to the effect "When originally published this rules element had a requirement for a specific nation or faction membership. As described on the site () this requirement is not clear (the name is displayed as "Slippery (Flower Network)" and no other mention is made of requirements. Originally with a different name, it required membership in the Bellflower Network faction and a degree of Fame there, so was not available to starting characters. The "Slippery (Flower Network)" trait is an example. While the embedded trait db list may indicate that membership in a certain faction or other origin is required, the detailed page does not indicate this well. What I see is players not realizing the renamed Traits are supposed to be limited there. Some traits in past Paizo Golarion-based products were limited to characters with specific in-world connections (specific Factions, National origins, etc.). Swords created by this spell disappear after striking (or missing) their targets."Īn issue of conversion, related to the transition from free to commercial site, I presume. You make a ranged attack roll for each sword (with no penalties for range increments or using melee weapons as ranged weapons) each attack has the same threat range and critical modifier and deals the same damage as a standard sword of the type expended. You must have line of effect between you and the target, and the target must be within the spell’s range. You can create one sword for every 2 caster levels that you possess, up to a maximum of five swords at 10th level. ![]() "You create floating swords of the type used as the material component for this spell (such as a rapier or scimitar) and magically propel them at your target. The description for the Storm of Blades spell is incorrect.įor some reason, it has the text for the Daybreak Arrow spell. Sorry if that's harder to follow than just saying change Alchemical Weapon's swift action upgrade should be lvl 5. ![]() At 15th level, this ability becomes a free action. The alchemical treatment causes no harm to the weapon treated, and wears off 1 minute after application if no blow is struck.Īt 5th level, <= Poison Resistance +4 is at 5th level.Ī grenadier can use her alchemical weapon ability as a swift action. Any extra damage added is treated like bonus dice of damage, and is not doubled on a critical hit. The alchemical item takes full effect on the next creature struck by the weapon, but does not splash, spread, or otherwise affect additional targets. ![]() This action consumes the alchemical item, but transfers its effect to the weapon in question. At 2nd level, a grenadier can infuse a weapon or piece of ammunition with a single harmful alchemical liquid or powder, such as alchemist’s fire or sneezing powder, as a move action. ![]() ![]() This workshop will use Open Broadcast Software Studio (OBS Studio), as a method of delivering educational material through Zoom, Teams, and BB Collaborate, using Virtual Cameras. It is part of the library's Digital Tools Series: 4 workshops( Podcasting with Audacity, Intro to OBS, Advanced OBS, and Intro to ArcGIS Online) Usually commercial software or games are produced for sale or to serve a commercial purpose.This session will occur online and is facilitated by the University of Toronto Scarborough Library. Even though, most trial software products are only time-limited some also have feature limitations. ![]() After that trial period (usually 15 to 90 days) the user can decide whether to buy the software or not. Trial software allows the user to evaluate the software for a limited amount of time. Demos are usually not time-limited (like Trial software) but the functionality is limited. In some cases, all the functionality is disabled until the license is purchased. Demoĭemo programs have a limited functionality for free, but charge for an advanced set of features or for the removal of advertisements from the program's interfaces. In some cases, ads may be show to the users. Basically, a product is offered Free to Play (Freemium) and the user can decide if he wants to pay the money (Premium) for additional features, services, virtual or physical goods that expand the functionality of the game. This license is commonly used for video games and it allows users to download and play the game for free. There are many different open source licenses but they all must comply with the Open Source Definition - in brief: the software can be freely used, modified and shared. Programs released under this license can be used at no cost for both personal and commercial purposes. Open Source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify or enhance. Freeware products can be used free of charge for both personal and professional (commercial use). Monitor 8 different scenes and easily cue or transition to any of them with merely a single or double click.Īlso Available: Download OBS Studio for Mac and OBS Studio Portableįreeware programs can be downloaded used free of charge and without any time limitations. Get a high level view of your production using the Multiview. Adjust your scenes and sources or create new ones and ensure they're perfect before your viewers ever see them. Studio Mode lets you preview your scenes and sources before pushing them live. ![]() Set hotkeys for nearly every sort of action, such as switching between scenes, starting/stopping streams or recordings, muting audio sources, push to talk, and more. You can even pop out each individual Dock to its own window.Ĭhoose from a number of different and customizable transitions for when you switch between your scenes or add your own stinger video files. Modular 'Dock' UI allows you to rearrange the layout exactly as you like. Streamlined Settings panel gives you access to a wide array of configuration options to tweak every aspect of your broadcast or recording. Add new Sources, duplicate existing ones, and adjust their properties effortlessly. Powerful and easy to use configuration options. Take full control with VST plugin support.įor video sources such as image masking, color correction, chroma/color keying, and more. Intuitive audio mixer with per-source filters such as noise gate, noise suppression, and gain. Set up an unlimited number of scenes you can switch between seamlessly via custom transitions. Create scenes made up of multiple sources including window captures, images, text, browser windows, webcams, capture cards and more. High performance real time video/audio capturing and mixing. If you've been asked to pay for OBS, this is a scam and you should request a refund or chargeback the payment. OBS contains no advertisements or bundled software/adware and it will never ask for payment. As long as you download OBS from this website, you will receive the latest version which is safe to use and free of malware. Any changes to the code are reviewed by other OBS contributors, so no one can add anything malicious. Yes! The program is an open-source project, which means the programming code is open for anyone to look at or improve, so you can see exactly how it works. Is OBS Studio safe to use? Is it virus free? There are thousands possible words from various aspects, so experiment by typing very short what you are looking for. Keywords can be related to anything, allowing advanced filtration and specific results. The rest of the text fields should populate with information about the game. Select ISO /PBP File 1 and then choose the location of your backup PSX game. Open the Convert menu and click the first drop down box. With PSX Emulator psx2psp play all PSone PS1, PS2 games on your Android device. The game was never released in PAL territories. Quotation marks can be used for whole phrase (example: "action rpg") or exact word (example: "4x"), and combined with exclusion if needed (example: -"action rpg"). Download PSX Emulator PSX2PSP apk 1.2.1 for Android. Xenogears is a science fiction role-playing video game developed and published by Squaresoft for Sonys PlayStation.It was released on Februin Japan and on Octoin North America. Minus sign can be used for exclusion (example: -anime). Parappa the Rapper is a rhythm video game for the Sony PlayStation created by Masaya Matsuura (the former leader of the Japanese Hyper Pop Unit PSY S) and. * KEYWORDS - Defines maximum of five keywords separated by space. * TO YEAR - Defines the latest year of release represented by four digits. * FROM YEAR - Defines the oldest year of release represented by four digits. * ORDER - Defines how the generated list should be sorted. * THEMES - Defines the topic related to the game. * MECHANICS - Defines elements of gameplay. * GRAPHICS - Defines how gameplay is displayed. * SIGN - Defines if criteria should be included (+) or excluded (-). * COMBINED GENRE - Defines the second genre of the combination. * GENRE - Defines the main type of gameplay. * PLATFORM - Defines the whole family or a single model. ![]() Note that due to the fact that there are thousands of titles in the database, some small part of them may not contain some data and latest releases may not be included shortly after the premiere. 10th Anniversary Memorial Save Data (Disc 1) (PlayStation Taiou) 16 Tales 1: 16 Tales 2: 16 Tales 3: 16 Tales 4: 19 ji 03 pun Ueno-hatsu Yakou Ressha (Taikenban) 19 ji 03 pun Ueno-hatsu Yakou Ressha: 1Xtreme: 2 Demos in 1 Driver You Are the Wheelman + V-Rally Championship Edition 2: 20-seiki. * Variety of game modes including Single Player, Vs., Player, and Vs.Generates a list of all games that match the criteria settings. * Guest appearances by rock sensation Lammy and her band MilkCan, plus the ultimate rappin' sensei, Chop Chop Master Onion ![]() Essentially the game has very tight timing and the input lag linked to modern HDTVs is a big issue that wasnt an issue back when we all used CRTs If you try and play the game on original hardware with the original disc on a modern tv it is largely impossible. * Adventure filled with new and familiar faces designed by famed New York artist Rodney Greenblat Parappa the Rapper has been a massive problem for years and its not limited to emulation. ![]() Ancillary modes include a Practice mode, which allows newcomers to get used to a particular stage's nuances before attempting it, and a two-player Battle mode that can be played against a second player or the computer. * Foot-stompin' tunes and catchy lyrics created by the gifted musician Masaya Matsuura, creator of the original Parappa the Rapper. Parappa the Rapper 2 features flat, 2D visuals similar to those in the original. * Sequel to the innovative music game that started the music genre craze Check out the funky fresh tunes that are guaranteed to get your toes tappin' and your head bobbin'. If you enjoy this free ROM on Emulator Games then you will. Play online PSP games on desktop PC, mobile, and tablets in maximum quality. Download PaRappa The Rapper ROM and use it with an emulator. This game is the US English version at exclusively. Firstly have a PPSSPP Gold emulator Installed if you havent one already as the emulator is necessary to play the game.Now Download the highly compressed zip file of gameOriginal game size is 500Mb but after. ![]() Join Parappa and a cast of new and familiar characters on a mission of the utmost importance: prevent the Evil Noodle Syndicate from turning everything into noodles. PaRappa The Rapper ROM download is available to play for Playstation Portable. To play attack on Titan 2 on PPSSPP Android, follow the below simple steps to successfully install and play offline AOT on PSP emulator apk. But every month we have large bills and running ads is our. We dont have paywalls or sell mods - we never will. The original rap star is back in the house! See if you have enough rhythm to keep the beat with everyone's favorite rappin' puppy. A PaRappa The Rapper 2 (PTR2) Modding Tool in the Other/Misc category, submitted by RubikDash. Want to stash your untracked files in the stash stack? Just use the -include-untracked flag at the end of the command. Or git stash save How to stash untracked files❗ It undoes things to the latest commit and doesn't delete the changes, which are stored in the stash stack. You can use any one of the below commands to stash your staged and unstaged changes in the stash stack. This is great to hear, right? Let's get our hands dirty with stash commands. Stashing the current working directory's staged or unstaged changes or untracked files and then storing them in the stash stack reverts the current working directory to the last commit. Stash means to store (changes) safely in a hidden place (the stash stack). To help with this, you can use Git stashing. Whatever the reason, we can't switch the branch without committing or stashing the changes.Īt the same time, you can't commit the half-done feature branch. This is because you might lose the changes you made in your current branch or they may conflict with the destination branch ( login-page). Next, sometimes Git doesn't allow you to switch branches without committing those changes. If we switch to the login-page branch, the staged and unstaged changes on Revamp/Marketing-page-hero-section branch come to login-page also. The Revamp/Marketing-page-hero-section branch contains some staged and unstaged changes on index.html. If you're switching branches with staged and unstaged changes, you might encounter any of the following scenarios:įirst, while switching to the login-page branch, the staged and unstaged changes of the Revamp/Marketing-page-hero-section branch will come with you to the login-page branch. So, you try to switch to the login-page branch using git switch login-page or git checkout login-page. Then suddenly you get call from your coworker to fix some bugs on the login-page branch. You'll want to start doing experiments in your Revamp/Marketing-page-hero-section branch without screwing up master or main branch. ![]() To check the current status of the repository, run the git status command.Let's say you're working on a serious feature of a branch in Git – like revamping the hero section of your marketing page. To stash, let's have a look at the repository's current status. ![]() We can stash it to save as its current status. So I want to save it temporarily for future use. I am in a messy state, and I have not entirely edited any file yet. I have made changes to my project GitExample2 in two files from two distinct branches. Let's understand it with a real-time scenario. Many options are available with git stash. Stashing takes the messy state of your working directory, and temporarily save it for further use. Generally, the stash's meaning is " store something safely in a hidden place." The sense in Git is also the same for stash Git temporarily saves your data safely without committing. The below figure demonstrates the properties and role of stashing concerning repository and working directory. The git stash command enables you to switch branches without committing the current branch. ![]() You don't want to make a commit of half-done work. Sometimes you want to switch the branches, but you are working on an incomplete part of your current project. ![]() Programs released under this license can be used at no cost for both personal and commercial purposes. Open Source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify or enhance. Freeware products can be used free of charge for both personal and professional (commercial use). The bakers include: AO, normal, ID, height, curvature, position, polypaint, Bent Normals, Color Map, UV to SVG, Opacity Mask, Thickness, Transfered Texture, World Space Direction, World Space Normals.Īlso Available: Download Substance Designer for Windowsįreeware programs can be downloaded used free of charge and without any time limitations. Create non-uniform (non-square) bakes up to 8K resolution with Substance Designer for Mac. Combine a large number of pre-set filters and tools for Procedural and Hybrid Workflow.īake quickly and easily with a complete set of bakers. Want to change something while you’re working? Make changes to any previous step while keeping your current work intact. Edit complete texture sets instantly with the procedural node-based non-linear workflow. It features 4 graph types: Tiling textures, MDL materials, Math Functions, and Noise Editor. Create photo-realistic renders with Iray path-trace technology while working, embellish your work with Yebis post-production effects, and share portfolio-ready materials directly on ArtStation. Match any other game engine via custom shaders. Use the real-time PBR viewport to preview your work exactly as it appears in Unity and Unreal. No need to worry about tiling, either – Substance Designer for macOS handles it automatically. Import procedural sbs and sbsar files, hand-painted images, photographs, scans and geometry (.fbx &. It features a complete set of tools and filters including: Crop Tool, Color Equalizer Tool, Extract Channels filters (Multi-angle to Albedo, Multi-angle to Normal, Normal to Height), Smart Patch Clone Tool, Smart Auto Tile Tool. This license does not include access to the Substance 3D Assets platform (previously Substance Source).Process scans thanks to filters and tools in an adapted photogrammetry workflow. Want a specific material or effect but don't have the skill or patience to create it yourself? Join the more than 100 000 users on the Substance 3D Community Assets website (previously Substance Share) and download some of the hundreds of free assets available to help you in your artistic journey. The Substance 3D community is made of some of the most helpful and talented artists in the world! Have a question or need some guidance? Join us on Discord or on our official forums, there is always someone ready to help. ![]() No matter what your final platform is, Painter can convert your textures into the right format and give you results as close as can be from what you see in the viewport. Substance 3D Painter is compatible with Unity, Unreal, Amazon Lumberyard, VRay, Arnold, Renderman. Texture assets for any target renderer or game engine Use Smart materials and have textures wrap onto your objects automatically, throw particles to easily add weathering effects with the help of the integrated physics engine or paint precise micro-details across complex asset spanning over dozens of textures sets or UDIMs. Substance 3D Painter adapts to you, no matter your skill level You will get free updates on Steam up to the end of 2022 From AAA Game Developers to Indies, from Feature Animation to Visual Effects studios, the industry uses Painter to bring their creations to life thanks to its unparalleled speed, flexibility and visual quality. About This Software Adobe Substance 3D Painter is the reference texturing app for 3D professionals and enthusiasts. Crocodiles, Tasmanian devils and raptors are known local predators to the platypus, all of which can be impacted by the venom. While the platypus may use this characteristic for offensive mating purposes, they may have also adapted it for defensive techniques. Since production rises during the breeding season, it is theorised that the venom is used as an offensive weapon to assert dominance and to control territory during this period. It is not used as a method of disabling or killing prey, more as a defensive mechanism. The effects are not life-threatening but nevertheless powerful enough to cause serious impairment to the victim, which can lead to temporary paralysis. The platypus venom has a broadly similar range of effects and is known to consist of a similar selection of substances to reptilian venom, and appears to have a different function from those poisons produced by lower vertebrates. It is unknown whether the pain caused is a result of the associated edema around the wound or the venom has a component that acts directly on the pain receptors. While some muscle wastage has been observed in cases of envenomation in humans, it is likely due to the inability to use the limb while the effects of the venom persist. Unlike snake venom, there appears to be no necrotising component in the platypus's venom. Coagulating effects have been seen during experiments on laboratory animals, but this has not been observed consistently. The different chemicals in the venom have a range of effects from lowering blood pressure to causing pain and increasing blood flow around the wound. This venom appears to be related to that of several species that are not part of the platypus's evolutionary lineage, such as certain fish, reptiles, insectivores, and spiders, sea anemones, and starfish. This is the only known such example in mammalian systems. A unique feature of the venom is the presence of a D-amino acid. This appears to be an example of convergent evolution of venom genes from existing immune system genes ( defensins). The OvDLPs are related to, though distinct from, those involved in reptilian venom production. Those peptides that have been sequenced and identified fall into three categories: defensin-like peptides (OvDLPs), C-type natriuretic peptides (OvCNPs), and nerve growth factor (OvNGF). The crural gland produces a venom secretion containing at least nineteen peptides and some non-nitrogenous components. The spur normally lies flat against the limb but is raised when required. The spur is attached to a small bone that allows articulation the spur can move at a right angle to the limb allowing a greater range of attack than a fixed spur would allow. Female platypuses, in common with echidnas, have rudimentary spur buds that do not develop (dropping off before the end of their first year) and lack functional crural glands. The venom is produced in the crural glands of the male, which are kidney-shaped alveolar glands located in the upper thigh, and delivered through a spur, or calcar, on each hind limb. ![]() Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non- therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. ![]() ![]() Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its antecedents. While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs it is primarily made during the mating season. The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom-delivering spur is found only on the male's hind limbs. |
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